Higher dose of omega-3 fatty acid reduced Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in overweight adults at 12 weeks

24/08/2022 - Healio Psychiatry

Eicosapentaenoic acid at a dose of 4 g per day reduced effects of major depressive disorder in overweight individuals with elevated inflammatory markers better than placebo at 12 weeks, according to a recently published study.

“Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been studied in many conditions including cardiovascular disease, risk of psychosis, attention deficit disorder, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder,” David Mischoulon, MD, PhD, of the depression clinical and research program in the department of psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital, and colleagues wrote in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.

“Although meta-analyses for cardiovascular disease and MDD suggest that PUFA treatment may be effective, findings overall are mixed.”

Mischoulon and fellow researchers sought to compare the impact of three doses of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) — an omega-3 fatty acid found in salmon and fish oil supplements — with placebo on inflammatory biomarkers and depressive symptoms.

The parallel group, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted at Emory University and Massachusetts General Hospital, and included 61 unmedicated adults (75% female) diagnosed with MDD, with a BMI greater than25 kg per square meter and plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)greater than or equal to 3.0 mg/L.

Participants were randomly assigned to receive a dose of either 1, 2 or 4 grams per day of EPA, or placebo for 12 weeks. Prespecified endpoints were a 0.40 effect size decrease in plasma interleukin (IL)-6, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytokines, and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Response was defined as a decrease of 50% or more of Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician-Rated version (IDS-C30) scores. Outcomes were additionally compared for the three EPA doses against placebo.

Results showed that, among 45 trial completers, only median PBMC TNF decreased at 2 g/d EPA. No EPA dose produced 0.35 effect size reduction in plasma IL-6 or mitogen-stimulated TNF.

Response rates for EPA 4 g per day were 64%, compared with 40% for placebo (OR,2.63; Cohen d = 0.53), 38% for EPA 1 g per day, and 36% for EPA 2 g per day. EPA 4 g per day showed a significant correlation between percent decrease in plasma hs-CRP and IDS-C30 symptom reduction at 12 weeks.

“Doses of EPA higher than the usually recommended 1-2 grams per day may be more effective for depression in some patients with obesity and chronic inflammation, and reduction in hs-CRP may play a role in this process,” Mischoulon and colleagues wrote.